Report on Evaluation of Health Information Systems

Question: Describe the Report on Evaluation of Health Information Systems. Answer: Summary of the Evaluation Report: This evaluation report presents the findings of the study on information systems on health. Inferently, the major proposition highlighted in this report is that quality of data and its subsequent use are interconnected, that is data of poor quality is not used and will remain in that state (Mphatswearker Rollins, 2012). Equally, the maximization in the use of data helps in the improvement of its quality. Notably, this hypothesis has experimented in workshops for data use, which encourages the enhancement of information value by teamwork building, endorsing orderly peer review, and motivating individual assessment to targets. Background to Health Information Systems The objective of this evaluation is to articulate and appraise the results of the health information systems in gathering and distributing accurate information on illnesses, assessment of the public health services and institutions while also protecting the data from people who can actually cause harm (Craglia Maheswaran, 2016). Assessment of Initiatives Four initiatives were established in relation to the health information system evaluation and in order to improve its effectivity in providing medical care to people (Kongstvedt, 2012). These initiatives include strengthening and gathering of routine health data, improving the capacity to manage health information systems, addressing gaps with durable tools and increasing the capacity for rigorous evaluation (Abdelhak Hanken, 2014). Mini Conclusion The Evaluation concludes that although there are advancements in technology which offer sufficient information to individuals regarding the provision and management of medical care services, such advantages have not been taken into account to improve reporting. Furthermore, with respect to ensuring equitable provision of quality health standards, the recommendations are in agreement with the continuing debate on health information systems. Context and Objectives of Information Systems: Introduction Health Information Systems (HIS) play a role in facilitating making decisions based on evidence in all stages, especially at the collection part. Therefore, this evaluation seeks to analyze the extent to which these systems have been utilized because the primary concern is to improve the health conditions of a given people. This is has been achieved through the successful organization of means of gathering, analyzing and presenting and adequate health planning (Kuperman Pryor, 2013). Numerous flaws have been associated with the implementation of information systems such as lack of guidelines, inadequate personnel, and lack of exchange of ideas and deprived management. Generally, health information system guarantees inadequate statistics for the observance of health objectives and giving the public apt news on health. Nevertheless, the availability and utilization of health facilities is important in the medical field for health practitioners and the public (Mair Murray, 2012). Objective and Scope of Evaluation In relation to the health information systems, evaluation has been conducted due to the high investment levels in the health sector and the need to cater for the targeted groups (Padhy Satapathy, 2012). Consequently, the measurement of performances has become a great issue of concern in the hierarchy of the health sector management. Moreover, pressure and influence alike have been exerted on nations need for information, leading to increased demand and the subsequent cooperation by bilateral and multilateral donors. The utilization of information technology in the medical care raises its own set of rules which concern individuals rights to privacy and the subsequent safeguarding of those civil liberties. These human rights are secured to assist in the enhancement of appropriate morals for the delivery of healthcare services through utilizing technology (Yen Bakken, 2012). Applications of Information on Health Systems In achieving best medical care through evaluation practices, civic health practitioners, and plan producers apply information to perform the following functions. To monitor and regulate the tendencies in health services and the subsequent results To ensure the reliability and straightforwardness of data and its associated elements Information is used in the effective and clear decision-making processes, and these decisions are made without delay To enhance the synchronization of health services and the equality in the distribution of medical care Information is also utilized in the management of resources to help in the greatest maximization of profits Contributions of the Health Information Systems The effect of information systems of health has been observed in both public and private sectors alongside other organizations and the public in general. Additionally these influences are both in a positive and negative way to the enactment of the health and information systems in provisions of quality services. The General Public The evaluation concludes that the public has witnessed the changes in the occurrence of events related to health and accountability on the part of the responsible authorities. Additionally, the public has been accorded relevance on the affairs of the ministry of health performances through a series of publications upon requests. The Private and Public Sectors The evaluation is of the opinion that presently there is no statute that obliges the private and public sectors to provide their data to the public and responsible bodies. However, through the HIS, medical service providers in this sector have a standing necessity in submitting their information frequently as stated to give a good public image. Other Relevant Organizations Health information systems endeavors to work in unity with other organizations such as the ministry of health to assist in the building of a solidifying social and health data that collects, analyses and publishes the system. Assessment of the Initiatives: It was decided to define and design practical initiatives to ensure that the recommendations led to tangible results Initiative 1: Strengthened Collection, Analysis and Use of Routine Health Data In systems of less established countries, one does not exist, while in advanced countries the schemes seek an upgrade with minimal external support. Therefore good information systems are important in looking into health challenges and improvement of medical standards in developing countries. However, the data quality generated by these systems are poor and non-effective in decision making even though there have been international concerns to develop a durable health information mechanism. Undisputedly, factors such as lack of coordinated health activities and standards of data, impracticable ambitions and the incapability of system designers in handling multifaceted cultural and social issues are a barrier to the functionality of HIS (Kaye Chinitz, 2013). Initiative2: Improved Capacity to Manage Health Information Systems Less advanced programs require assistance in creating a successful strategy on management whereas established plans boast resilient leadership in the health ministry. This has been possible through the use of the underutilization of data in decision making and logic model respectively. The logic model explains how activities and inputs on intervention are utilized in influencing the final outcomes of frequent use of health data in policy development and making decisions. The undertakings included in the logic model are the engagement of data users and creators, improving data quality, evaluating, monitoring and communicating outcomes of data use involvements (Koh Parchman, 2013). The underutilization of data in making decisions is not adequately used in development and improvement of policy, tactical planning, or supporting health information systems. Moreover, the complex nature on how hospitals use and contribute to HIS, making decisions, information flow and laxity in data availability contributes to a breakdown inefficient services. Initiative 3: Information Gaps Addressed With Strong Methods and Tools The execution of a prosperous health integration result demands that an institution recognizes its present position and cognize the gaps between its anticipated state and the current one. Therefore in the identification of gaps, a SWOT analysis of suggested reforms, determination of present combination needs, confirmation of enterprise processes, and the insight on reusable assets are indispensable. Evaluation serves to bridge the gaps in countries to a point where they are harnessing methodologies to help in the initiation of effective health information programs. Effectively, a properly calculated determination of gaps adds up to the formulation of inventive and applicable solutions, therefore, it is crucial for a health information system to adapt to many variables that advance operational medical care mechanisms. Furthermore, from the assessment, it was determined that the identification of gaps gauges a medical institution's readiness to create and execute technological advancem ents on health. Lately, the main issue of concern is the bringing together the information on health records of patients for clinical use in a less technical, economical and time-saving manner. Additionally, the ease of access and utilization of data enhances team coordination as creators prefer being given a referral point concerning the health of a patient to be used as progress is monitored (Drazen Schneider, 2012). Initiative 4: Increased Capacity for Rigorous Evaluation The need for a high demand for a reliable data in countries is of value and as such should exist in its components, both locally and internationally. This is aimed towards moving nations to higher standards where research conducted locally to meet the expectations of the government and the laws that govern the particular research. It is, therefore, important to generate an evaluation system and framework that is capable of planning, managing and regulating continuous assessments by community experts in data and officials of the government agencies (Rosen Weaver, 2012) A Summary on Findings on Relevance, Effectiveness , and Sustainability Relevance The relevance of the health information systems initiative has been conducted in accordance with the proposed policies and recommendations. The evaluation concludes that all factors with the exclusion of an initiative were of importance to the recommendations of the policy of HIS.one initiative, the quality of standards, has not been taken into serious considerations despite requests from the board and management team (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Effectiveness This is the capability of the health record systems to meet its goals. However, the eminence of the documents of this project did not add up to the policies needed and as such challenged the evaluation in starting basis for this assessment. This was particularly in respect to the explanation of important indicators of performance and establishment of benchmarks and targets to help in monitoring system enactment. Therefore, if either of the performance indicators is missing, the evaluation of the impact of health records is a daunting task (Street Manning, 2013). Sustainability Most HIS lack the necessary capitals for processing information services and as a result replicating low priorities in managements. Additionally, there is an inadequacy in technical, material and human resources that are needed in the working of the HIS, compounded with the few skills persons trained in the required procedures. Therefore, for sustainability matters, the availability of resources and finances to fund this project in recruiting the appropriate number of staff and computers are necessary. Sustainability is actually improved by the active participation of everyone in all steps of the advancement and depends on maintaining a constant workforce and refining of their skills (Moldan Hk, 2012). Evaluating Health Information Systems: Criteria for Evaluating Health Information Systems The lack of evaluation criteria used in assessing the executed HIS is still a huge failing in the strategy and implementation in the health sector. The probability of designers knowing which methods are effective than the other and why certain criterions thrive when they do not evaluate their systems is minimal. Therefore, evaluating any intervention needs not take place at the execution stage only but also well connected with the design and development of the system since it is imperative assuming that HIS features will be carried out as stipulated (Friedman Huldtgren, 2013). Evidently, in many situations instructions on health do not go as planned and as such the people responsible should guarantee its safe implementation lest they are held liable. However, this is only achievable through evaluation which requires the preparation of a good design of HIS which sets the regulations followed in assessing the accomplishments or disappointments of a system. Additionally, affirming the mechanism on evaluation helps in avoiding the rationalization of HIS and as such questions related to this design becomes simpler to answer (Adam Bennett, 2012). The evaluation criteria observed to help in the achievement of this objective are the objectives and policies together with the technical,financial,political and administrative viability of the HIS design. Recommendations The evaluation lays emphasis on the following recommendations to improve the credibility of Health information system Policy (Middleton Zhang, 2013). They include; The need for the establishment of a central data source is to enable simplicity in accessing data and guaranteeing the security of statistics. The guidance on publishing facts as provided for in the HIS guidelines and relevant existing regulations. This serves to procure the rights of the clients without a compromise on their development. The need for storage of all records in password guarded electronic gadgets to prevent falling into the hands of unauthorized people. The records of patients who pass out in medical centers should be stored for at least a decade provided space is available unless specified otherwise. Rules should be passed on the authority capable of destroying medical records. It is important to share all data from social and health welfare system with stakeholders. This will improve credibility and accountability and as a result winning over the trust of the public The need to impose laws which stipulate the measure of accessing health databases Security measures should be assured for health information in relation to storage, brokerage, and possession. The establishment of fines and penalties when health-related data are violated. Conclusion: The evaluation, therefore, concludes that through the collection of data, integration, data quality enhancement, data analysis and interpretation, problem-solving skills and teamwork are the most culpable ways of maximizing HIS. Furthermore, In relation to the health information systems, the evaluation states that continual monitoring, regulation, and updating of this scheme would service in the provision of quality medical services to the citizens of the affected locality. Additionally, the evaluation also supports the fact that the challenges facing the health sector are due to the failures of the full enactment of the HIS stipulated guidelines, which when conformed to will make life a lot easier. Emphasis was also laid on the role played by HIS in a positive manner in relation to the public and private sectors together with the organizations and it was observed that the impact was of great value. The relevance, sustainability, and effectiveness of health information systems is als o an issue of consideration given that the policy has to be evaluated and its subsequent enactment observed. Inferably, to achieve the objectives of HIS which include the regulation and monitoring of tendencies of healthcare systems, the reliability of data and its associated elements and synchronization of services, a practical and effective system has to be adopted. References: Adam, T., Hsu, J., de Savigny, D., Lavis, J. N., Rttingen, J. A., Bennett, S. (2012). Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy and Planning, 27(suppl 4), iv9-iv19. Craglia, M., Maheswaran, R. (Eds.). (2016). GIS in public health practice. CRC press. Drazen, E. L., Metzger, J. B., Ritter, J. L., Schneider, M. K. (2012). Patient care information systems: successful design and implementation. Springer Science Business Media. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Borning, A., Huldtgren, A. (2013). Value sensitive design and information systems. In Early engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory (pp. 55-95). Springer Netherlands. Hafner, T., Shiffman, J. (2013). The emergence of global attention to health systems strengthening. Health policy and planning, 28(1), 41-50. Harris, J. R., Burton, P., Knoppers, B. M., Lindpaintner, K., Bledsoe, M., Brookes, A. J. ... Fortier, I. (2012). Toward a roadmap in global biobanking for health. European Journal of Human Genetics, 20(11), 1105-1111. Kaye, R., Kokia, E., Shalev, V., Idar, D., Chinitz, D. (2013). Barriers and success factors in health information technology: A practitioner's perspective. Journal of Management Marketing in Healthcare. Kellermann, A. L., Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology. Health Affairs, 32(1), 63-68. Koh, H. K., Brach, C., Harris, L. M., Parchman, M. L. (2013). A proposed health literate care modelwould constitute a systems approach to improving patients engagement in care. Health Affairs, 32(2), 357-367. Kongstvedt, P. R. (2012). Essentials of managed health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Kuperman, G. J., Gardner, R. M., Pryor, T. A. (2013). HELP: a dynamic hospital information system. Springer Science Business Media. Mair, F. S., May, C., O'Donnell, C., Finch, T., Sullivan, F., Murray, E. (2012). Factors that promote or inhibit the implementation of e-health systems: an explanatory systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(5), 357-364. Middleton, B., Bloomrosen, M., Dente, M. A., Hashmat, B., Koppel, R., Overhage, J. M. ... Zhang, J. (2013). Enhancing patient safety and quality of care by improving the usability of electronic health record systems: recommendations from AMIA. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 20(e1), e2-e8. Moldan, B., Janoukov, S., Hk, T. (2012). How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets. Ecological Indicators, 17, 4-13. Mphatswe, W., Mate, K. S., Bennett, B., Ngidi, H., Reddy, J., Barker, P. M., Rollins, N. (2012). Improving public health information: a data quality intervention in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(3), 176-182. Padhy, R. P., Patra, M. R., Satapathy, S. C. (2012). Design and implementation of a cloud-based rural healthcare information system model. Univers J Appl Comput Sci Technol, 2(1), 149-157. Rechel, B., Mladovsky, P., Ingleby, D., Mackenbach, J. P., McKee, M. (2013). Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe. The Lancet, 381(9873), 1235-1245. Rosen, M. A., Hunt, E. A., Pronovost, P. J., Federowicz, M. A., Weaver, S. J. (2012). In situ simulation in continuing education for the health care professions: a systematic review. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 32(4), 243-254. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2013). Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Street, R. L., Gold, W. R., Manning, T. R. (2013). Health promotion and interactive technology: Theoretical applications and future directions. Routledge. Yen, P. Y., Bakken, S. (2012). Review of health information technology usability study methodologies. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(3), 413-422.

Adolescent Depression Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategies for Adolescent Depression. Answer: Introduction Adolescent depression has contributed to factors associated with suicide among adolescents. Depressed adolescents often seek pharmacological therapy management. Fewer approaches have inclined itself on behavioural approaches thus limiting non pharmacological management strategies for depression. Research done have indicated that depressed adolescents often have diminished level of activity ranging between 80%-90%, (Buckworth Wallace, 2002). The need to address depression issues among the young population is of concern. This review seeks to assess studies done on exercise as a form of treatment among adolescents. The Spirit of Inquiry Ignited Adolescent depression has been attributed to a major risk factor in suicidal cases among the youth globally. It is ranked third as leading factor for deaths among the young population, (Costello, Angold Erkani, 2006). Statistics shows that more than half of the youths have thoughts of suicide as accidents have been associated with depression. Depressions have been shown to have impacts on the social and educational aspects of the youth, (Fletcher, 2008). Adolescents depression has been often associated with impairments, depressive symptoms often goes unrecognized as compared to the elderly population, may be due to the prominence and irritability mood and flaunting symptoms occasioned among adolescence. Signs of adolescent depression cannot be clearly identified when the primary causative factors do not express themselves well on aspects such as eating habits and behavioral factors. Experts on personality traits have stated that adolescent depression is an indicative of adulthood disorder more prevalent in adult hood, (Birmaher et al., 2004) Physical exercises have been piloted as an avenue of reducing the severity of depression. Hughes et al., (2008), conducted randomized controlled study on the feasibility of the role of exercise on reducing depression among adolescents. This study brings into focus the rationale on studying how exercise programs can be utilized in reducing depression among adolescent. A meta analysis by Joffe, (2017), have indicated that cognitive behavior therapy are effective medication for young adolescence. Findings suggested that clinicians preferred exercise professional to undertake such task to be effective, however overall clinicians had positive attitude towards exercise as a form of treatment. The PICOT Question Formulated Among adolescents undergoing severe depression (P), do normal exercise levels (I) compared to absence of physical activity (C) lead to reduction in depression levels (O) when they are subjected to six month exercises activity (T)? Search Strategy Conducted Pubmed search on articles relating to adolescent depression with key words of adolescent, depression, exercise treatment and evaluation was done. The search showed that feasibility studies have done for intervention of 12 weeks on depressive disorders. Assessments were measured using rating scales among the adolescents, (Dopp et al., 2012). Further this search yielded a study undertaken Dunn Waithraub, (2008), which showed that exercise as a medication therapy, reduced effects of adolescents depressive condition. Further search on Cochrane Library showed that clinical trials have been undertaken on adolescent depression. Search on NCBI academic portal showed a meta analysis study conducted by Joffe, (2017), showed that cognitive therapy can be effective tool in managing adolescent depression. In this three searches both level 1, (Radovic, Melvin Gordon, 2017; Dopp et al 2012 Hughes et al 2009) and level 2 (Dunn Weintraub, 2008 Bailey et al 2017) evidence were found out on exercise intervention as an avenue in reducing severe depression among adolescents. Critical Appraisal of Evidence Performed A comprehensive critical appraisal tool was used in reviewing the literature and studies related to exercise on adolescent depression. This is geared towards getting reliable evidence based studies to support the intervention strategies proposed. The designs used in the studies portrayed level 1 evidence level where randomized controlled studies and quasi experimental study design being used on the study participants. Intervention trial by Hughes et al., (2009), showed that high intensity of physical exercise was correlated with lower levels of depression among the adolescence. A quasi experimental design on adolescent exercise levels conducted by Dopp et al., (2012) sought to find out the feasibility of 12 week intervention on depressive disorders state among adolescence. Using depression rating scale tools showed that there is significant decrease in depression levels on intensive physical exercises. Level 2 evidence through meta analysis studies conducted by Joffe, (2017), have illustrated evidence on cognitive therapy medication. Meta analysis review by Dunn Weintraub (2008) on 36 articles showed that exercise can be an effective form of treatment. Integrated evidence on patient preference and clinical expertise in clinic practice With these levels of evidence it is evident that physical exercises can be effectively used in managing adolescent depression. The perspective of the clinicians on exercise showed that they had positive attitude and practice based approach regarding incorporating exercise in mental health treatment. An online survey among clinicians showed that they experienced barriers in prescribing exercise as a medical aspect of depression, findings suggested that clinicians preferred exercise professional to undertake such task to be effective, however overall clinicians had positive attitude towards exercise as a form of treatment. The evidence obtained in this literature analysis shows that exercise can be effectively be used as a form of therapy care for the adolescents experiencing severe depression. The randomized controlled and quasi experimental trials show that exercise is an important therapy for depression among adolescents. In terms of patient preference, many adolescents diagnosed with depression were in agreeableness on exercise therapy for medication process. Exercise is an acceptable form of therapy and this can be attributed to no known adverse effects. Ensuring professionalism in exercise therapy is an effective form of administration which the clinical medical practitioners may not be able to administer thus requiring an exercise professional. Outcomes Evaluated On the randomized controlled trials done, showed that adolescents participants were evaluated after the end of the exercise interventions. Duration intensity was assessed for the participants in the different experimental and quasi experiment studies done on the adolescents. Clinicians online survey was evaluated in terms of knowledge and practices based on administration of exercise as a form of treatment. Project Outcomes Incorporating structured exercise is essential in ensuring that clinical depression among adolescence is controlled. Level 1 and 2 evidence portrayed in this review has illustrated that exercise are beneficial on managing depression. The role of clinicians and health practitioners is paramount t in ensuring that non pharmacological approaches can be applied to manage severe depression among the adolescence. Review of exercise treatment management will offer a new avenue for depression management in the clinical fraternity. Involving trained physical exercise professionals will be key in ensuring exercise therapy are adhered and implemented successfully with key objective of reducing adolescent severe depression. Project Dissemination This evidence based practices reviewed in this task with regard to exercise management on adolescent depression will be presented in Department of Psychiatric conference and in medical conferences. This is geared towards adoption of exercise as treatment process for adolescents depression. Further to strengthen the sue of knowledge acquired; this report will be published in high impact journals to strengthen the level of evidence with regard to exercise. Conclusion Studies reviewed have assessed the efficacy of exercise in reducing symptoms of adolescence depression and summery have alluded to a positive effect on exercise therapy management. Exercise as a prevention and reduction strategy to depression plays key role in health care arena. With this evidence based studies, physical exercise has shown to be next Treatment Avenue combined with other medication strategies. This strength of evidence from these studies shows that exercises is an effective mode of treatment aimed at reducing severe depression among adolescence. Exercise incorporation has been shown to be long lasting and improves on anxiety levels, levels of depression and self concept. References Bailey AP et al, (2016). Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol Med 2017 Oct 10; [e-pub]. (https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002653) Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Dahl, R. E., Axelson, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dorn, L. D., Ryan, N. D. (2004). Clinical presentation and course of depression in youth: does onset in childhood differ from onset in adolescence?. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 63-70. Buckworth J, Wallace LS. Application of the transtheoretical model to physically active adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002;42:360367 Dopp, R. R., Mooney, A. J., Armitage, R., King, C. (2012). Exercise for adolescents with depressive disorders: a feasibility study. Depression research and treatment, 2012. Dunn, A. L., Weintraub, P. (2008). Exercise in the prevention and treatment of adolescent depression: a promising but little researched intervention. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 2(6), 507-518. Fletcher, J. M. (2008). Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment. Health economics, 17(11), 1215-1235. Hughes, C. W., Trivedi, M. H., Cleaver, J., Greer, T. L., Emslie, G. J., Kennard, B., Barnes, C. (2009). DATE: Depressed adolescents treated with exercise: Study rationale and design for a pilot study. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2(2), 7685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.09.005 Jane Costello, E., Erkanli, A., Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(12), 1263-1271. Radovic, S., Melvin, G. A., Gordon, M. S. (2017). Clinician perspectives and practices regarding the use of exercise in the treatment of adolescent depression. Journal of sports sciences, 1-7.

Definition Essay Student Sample

Definition Essay Student SampleBefore I get to the definition essay student sample, I just want to explain that when writing a paper, your goal is to gather facts, and then convert them into a simple idea. This type of essay typically consists of one paragraph or a short paragraph that explains the student's ideas.In my opinion, the definition essay student sample is the least important section of a composition. As soon as you sit down and type it up, you're going to forget what you were trying to say in the first place, so why bother?The one that is the most important, and that I use in my research every day, are the definition essay student sample. I don't mean the term 'student sample,' but more like 'reference sample.' A reference sample is just a sentence that you can use in a reference-style essay.Usually they are a few words long, and they end with a question or an example sentence from an online dictionary. Here is a famous example, and a question, from Merriam-Webster. The q uote goes something like, 'In short, any dictionary is always a better source than the user's own experience.'That quote sounds pretty good, doesn't it? Now, you may not have actually used that 'expert' dictionary and really understood what the definition was all about, but that's okay. What you're going to do, is make the definitions word by word.The definition essay student sample will usually include a couple of sentences to help you out. If you are being serious, this is the perfect example of an essay for you. After all, you already know what you are writing. Just don't spend too much time on it.The other type of definition essay student sample that you'll find in college or high school libraries is the 'mean, intelligent students' essay. While this one is not to be taken too seriously, it's a great example of the kind of work that you should be doing. In fact, it's more of a resource than a full essay. However, these samples tend to require a high amount of research before you actually get to the meaning of the phrase.Use both types of sample, and don't worry too much about the definition essay student sample. If you find it challenging, find a reference essay that uses similar language to yours and try it out.

Gun Control Essays (623 words) - Gun Politics, Politics, Firearms

Gun Control Everyone in the United States of America has an opinion on gun control regardless of their age, race, or religion. From within those opinions arguments are formed. People are arguing about gun control at their jobs, at their schools, and sometimes at their places of worship. On one side of things there are the people that support gun control like certain politicians or political organizations, teachers, police officers, and so on. On the other side of things there are the people that are against gun control, people such as hunters and various types of criminals. When it comes down to sensitive topics like gun control, there are very few people that do not choose a side. The Second Amendment, like all Amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights, is not absolute. There are vague legal boundaries that have been set down thus far which answers some questions, but leave many more open (Sanders). Over the past few years there have been many incidents when children bring guns to school and shoot their fellow classmate(s) and/or teacher(s). The most recent and probably most tragic happened in 1998 at Colombine High School in Colorado when a group of students entered the school and murdered several students and a teacher. The first thing that everyone wondered once they finally heard the news is how the children got the guns? Supporters of gun control believe that if there were harsher gun laws, a lot of the school shootings would have never taken place and a lot of lives could have been saved. In a Brooklyn, New York federal court case brought against gun makers by individual people, a jury found that 15 of the gun making companies had negligently flooded southern states with guns, where control laws that are lax, and fed a black market of guns to states with more stringent controls, like New York (Nesbitt). This proves that if gun control advocates can win in a place like New York with tougher gun control laws, they can win in almost any major city, which could also lead to the federal government passing more gun control laws. In Georgia, pro-gun forces scored a victory when Governor Roy Barnes, a Democrat endorsed by the National Rifle Association while campaigning, signed legislation that keeps all the cities in that state from suing gun manufacturers (Nesbitt). Though it is not right, it is obvious that street gangs and drug dealers have a say in this argument. Starting from the bottom of the cycle to the top: if street thugs didn't have guns, how would they be able to protect themselves and the drugs they sell in order to make a living, who would they intimidate, what authority would the police and drug enforcement officers have over criminals, and how would they protect themselves? Without guns the crime rate would decrease rapidly, crime fighters would be out of business, and many people would be unemployed. In rural areas and in farming communities there are also some people that like to hunt. Without a gun they would not be able to hunt, which could have a positive or negative affect on their commu nity. The positive affect would be that some endangered species would be given the change to multiply and survive. The negative affect would be that the hunters would not be able to provide food for his family and a lot of over-populated and dangerous species would continue to grow. According to one Web site, every hour in the United States someone under the age of 25 dies from a gunshot wound. There are also nearly 200 million firearms in this country and a new one is produced every eight seconds (Gun Violence). Social Issues

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. The WritePass Journal

Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. Abstract Change is a consistent issue for the modern organisation. Discuss the various ways in which the employee may offer effective resistance to this change. : 1). Whilst change is often viewed positively, this is not always the case and change is sometimes resisted by employees. This happens for a number of different reasons with one of the main ones being surprise. Employees generally don’t appreciate changes being made unexpectedly as it provides them with a threatening sense of imbalance in the workplace (Kreitner, 2008: 434). A lack of understanding and a lack of skills are further reasons why employees may want to resist change and unless effective training on change is provided, employees will most likely view positive changes negatively (Kreitner, 2008: 434). The various ways in which the employee may offer resistance to change will be discussed in this essay by analysing a range of models and frameworks that help to establish the effectiveness of change. Introduction Employee resistance to change can be undesirable as it places an obstacle in the way of business development and organisational change. However, there are certain circumstances where employee resistance to change is viewed in a positive light. By resisting change and demonstrating their reasons for doing so, employees may actually be encouraging change by offering alternative solutions and options. As pointed out by de Jager; the idea that anyone who questions the need for change has an attitude problem is simply wrong, not only because it discounts past achievements, but also because it makes us vulnerable to indiscriminate and ill-advised change (de Jager, 2001: 25). Therefore, whilst some may consider employee resistance to change disrespectful and unfounded (Piderit, 2000: 26), others may be consider it to be very effective, very powerful and a very useful survival mechanism (de Jager, 2001: 25). An employer may want to instigate organisational change that is inappropriate or wro ng and just as conflict can sometimes be used constructively for change, legitimate resistance might bring about additional organizational change (Folger and Skarlicki, 1999: 37). This essay will demonstrate how employees can offer legitimate resistance to change by suggesting alternative organisational change structures that will help to promote sustainability and assist in business development. This will be done by looking at various organisational change models and frameworks that will provide employees with the ability to resist change by offering additional options, which they believe will be in the best interests of the organisation. Employee resistance may lead to proposed change initiatives being revaluated by management who may then consider the most appropriate change for the business, as recommended by the employee. The process of change within an organisation isn’t just about creating a change that individuals will be able to resist, but rather the transition that will accommodate the change (Bridges, 1991: 3). Unless transition occurs, it is unlikely that the change will be effective. It is thus important that employees are capable of resis ting change so that they can offer alternative solutions that may be better suited to organisational needs. Consequently, employee resistance to change is an important contributor to implementing effective change within an organisation. Main Body Burke-Litwin Model (1992) The Organisational Transformation Process, developed by Burke and Litwin (1992: 1), is one of the main models that can be used to implement change within an organisation. Employees can use this model to offer resistance to change by offering alternative solutions that would be better suited to the organisation. Employees can use this model to show the various drivers of change by ranking them in terms of importance (Jex, 2002: 442). The most important factors are featured at the top, with the lower layers becoming progressively less important. By using this model, an employee will be able to demonstrate that all of the factors for change are interrelated and that a change in one factor will affect a change in all of the other factors. Organisations therefore have to consider whether the impact a change will have upon the other factors will help the business to remain sustainable (Hertwich, 2006: 10). As the external environment is at the top of the model, this is the main factor that is likely to influence change. An employee can resist change by offering an alternative solution that takes into account the needs of the external environment (World Commission on Environment and Development, 2011: 1). Porras and Robertson’s Model (1992) Porras and Robertson’s Model of Organisational Change was developed in 1992 to help individuals understand how to approach organisational change. This model is similar to the Burke-Litwin model in that it suggests that the external environment is the main influencer of organisational change. However, this model also suggests that the objectives of the organisation are the main drivers of change and that organisational arrangement, physical setting, social factors and technology all contribute to the changing environment of any organisation. In effect, an employee will be able to rely on this model to effectively resist change by signifying how the change is not in accordance with the overall objectives of the business. Instead they can offer an alternative change solution that is more akin to the organisational arrangement and physical setting of the business as well as social factors and technology. A change can be offered that improves the performance of the organisation, wh ilst also seeking to advance individual development. Hence, as has been established; â€Å"behaviour change is the key mediating variable in organisational change† (Jex, 2002: 444). If an employee can demonstrate that individual behaviour will be modified in accordance with the needs of the external environment, organisational change will most likely occur. As this model focuses on individual behaviour, desired work behaviours will   be better achieved, which will affect the disposition of the organisation overall. This theory does not, however, focus on modern ways of thinking and subsequently fails to adapt to take into account the changing environment. Lewins Force Field Analysis The Force Field Analysis model, developed by Lewin in 1951 will help an employee to resist change by providing a framework which looks at the restraining factors (forces) to change. In this analysis, there are two different types of forces, which are forces for change (driving forces) and forces against change (resisting forces). An employee can use the resisting forces to prevent a particular change from happening and use the driving forces to offer an alternative change. These forces can help the employee to alleviate any problems that are likely to arise with change management by helping the organisation to understand the effects a change will have upon the organisation. In demonstrating why a particular change should not take place, the employee will be required to show that the restraining forces exceed the driving forces. If this can be ascertained then the organisation change should not take effect. If the employees want to propose an alternative change, they will be required to show that driving forces of the new proposed change exceed the restraining forces. If they can establish this, then the new change should take place as it would be considered beneficial to the organisation. This model is useful to frame a process of change as it is easy to understand, though it seems as though each stage could in fact be expanded so that individuals can understand the process of change a lot more easily. Porters Generic Value Chain Analysis The Value Chain Theory, developed by Michael Porter, helps organisations to decide whether changes to the structure of the organisation are required (Porter et al; 2007: 706). An employee can use this model to demonstrate how the organisation does not need the change it wants to resist. The employee can do this by analysing the activities of the organisation, and the costs associated with them, to decide whether the proposed activity is profitable or not. The value chain activities consist of primary and support activities. Whilst the primary activities consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and service, the support activities consist of procurement, infrastructure, human resource management and technological development (Porter et al; 2007: 706). The aim of reviewing these activities is to consider whether the customer can be offered a level of value that exceeds the costs of the activities, resulting in a profit. This will also depend upon whether the organisations activities can be performed efficiently. By using this concept, the employee will be able to demonstrate that the customer cannot be offered a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities and that no profit can be obtained from the change as a result. This is an effective way an employee will be able to resist change as it provides the employee with the chance to demonstrate how the proposed change does not have any profitable value. Nonetheless, it is likely to prove extremely difficult for an employee to implement this model due to the fact that employees will not have access to certain information about the organisation and the change. Change Analysis Process Because of how important it is for organisational changes to be properly analysed before they are implemented in order to minimise any associated risks, an employee could employ the change analysis process to deny the changes they wish to resist. Because an organisation needs to be able to adapt to change (Brier et al, 2011: 1) the identification and codification of change scenarios is necessary for the change process to take effect. The process of change requires organisations to adapt to current situations, as opposed to the creation of solutions (Brier et al, 2011: 1). The change analysis process can therefore be used analyse the change by considering the impact the change is likely to have and then subsequently considering whether it should be approved or denied. In resisting change, employees can use this analysis process to put forward their reasons why the change ought to be denied. Whether an employer will take into account the views of the employee is another matter and it s eems as though the employee will still be required to overcome many obstacles when putting forward its views and opinions. Realistic Evaluation Model The Realistic Evaluation Model could also be used to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of the proposed change. This will provide the employee with the ability to demonstrate the impact the change will have upon the organisation through proper evaluation. This model is suitable for employees to offer effective resistance to change as the evidence will be based upon realistic ideas and concepts about the change. A proper assessment can then be made about the ineffectiveness of the change so that it can be resisted (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2010: 38). This model is quite similar to Lewin’s Force Field Analysis in that it will enable the employee to review what is expected from the change, whilst also identifying any problems. The employee will also be able to put forward any associated risks with the change, which will most likely ensure that their resistance is effective. This approach provides a useful framework for helping employees to develop explanations about why the change shou ld be resisted, which it will then be able to present in a coherent way† (Rycroft-Malone et al, 2010: 38). Summary/Conclusions Given the impact organisational change has upon employees, it is unsurprising that resistance to change will often occur. Whilst such resistance to change can have a negative impact upon the organisation, it can also be considered positive on the basis that employees may be encouraging further change by offering alternative solutions and options. In resisting change employees may consequently be able to demonstrate alternative options for change, which may generate better ideas that are more suited to organisational needs. Not only do organisations need to be able to satisfy the needs of its consumers, but they will also be required to satisfy the needs of their employees. This will not only promote the success of the business but it will also lead to economic growth. Employees need to be able to identify and develop change strategies which help to meet organisational objectives and prevent undesirable changes from being made. Any risks that are associated with change will be capable of being overcome by the adoption of alternative change structures. In order to effectively resist change, employees will thus be required to adopt various change management models and frameworks so that they can offer appropriate solutions to the proposed changes. Not only will this prevent undesirable changes from being implemented, but additional strategies will also be developed. In resisting change, employees will be able to demonstrate that the possible risks associated with the particular change outweigh any benefits. Once this can be established, it is unlikely that the organisation will implement the change and any alternative suggestions will most likely be welcomed. It is important that organisations listen to the views of employees as they may be able to offer solutions that are more applicable and better suited to the needs of the organisation. References Bridges, W. (1991). Managing transitions: making the most of change. Reading, MA: Wesley Publishing Company. Brier, J. Rapanotti, L. and Hall, J. G. (2011) Problem Based Analysis of Organisational Change: A Real World Example, [Online] Available: mcs.open.ac.uk/jb9242/jbwebpapers/submittediwaapf06paper.pdf [18 August 2014]. Burke, W. W. and Litwin, G. H. (1992) Transformational Change and Transactional Change. Explanation of the Casual Model of Organisational Performance and Change, [Online] Available: 12manage.com/methods_burke_litwin_model.html [18 August 2014]. de Jager, P. (2001). Resistance to change: a new view of an old problem. The Futurist, 24-27. Folger, R. Skarlicki, D. (1999). Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 35-50. Jex, S. M. (2002) Organisational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach London: John Wiley Sons. Kreitner, R. (2008) Principles of Management, London: Cengage Learning, 11th Edition, London: Business Economics. Lewin, K. (1951) Field Theory in Social Science, New York: Harper and Row. Piderit, S.K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. Academy of Management -794. A, 783. Porter, M. E., Marciano, S., and Warhurst, S. (2007) De Beers: Addressing the New Competitiveness Challenges, Harvard Business School Case 0-706-501. The Times. (2012) The Organisation and Change, Operations Theory, [Online] Available: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/operations/the-organisation-and-change.html#axzz2H6FILJP6 [18 August 2014]. Walonick, D. S. (1993) General Systems Theory, [Online] Available: statpac.org/walonick/systems-theory.htm [18 August 2014]. Wendell, F. and Bell, C. (1999) Organisation Development, New Jersey; Prentice Hall.

The security technology of e-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The security technology of e-commerce - Essay Example Most reputable financial institutions and e-commerce service providers take all measures to protect the data and transactions online and simultaneously they provide the details to the customers, how to protect their transaction. Although the risks are generally avoided while dealing with internet transactions, even then the threats are enormous. The various threats include cyber terrorism, credit card number may be intercepted, cyber attacks during the war on terrorism, viruses and worms, hacking and malware techniques, one of the service providers may deny that the deals ever took place, hackers may exploit data from web page due to some improper security measures, hackers may gain access to the system. Sometimes customers may also become a victim of identity theft. According to a survey conducted by the US Department of Justice (DOJ), identity theft is affecting millions of household in the US and costing an estimated $ 6.4 billion per year. To avoid all these consumers must take s ome proactive steps and practices to access the computer before carrying out any financial transaction. Some of the most common practices include the use of updated versions of software and operating systems, ensure proper network security, avoid opening unknown emails and attachments, use of passwords, use of updated antivirus software and use of encryption.In the present paper, the author attempts to deal with the type of risks available to the internet user, the present security system available to the consumers and future security trends. trends. The finding of available security system has been summarized. 3.0 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT: While going before the literature as cited in bibliography, author made an attempt to a hypothetical statement as , " Are the current security systems able to provide security to the e-commerce users" 4.0 EXPLANATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY: 4.1 BACKGROUND: In the early 1990's digital break-ins, kidnapping were the terms used by many popular journals to hackers. The early targets were educational institutes and

The Employment Relations Environment in France Essay

The Employment Relations Environment in France - Essay Example France is characterized by heterogeneous employment relations prevailing in different firms, yet unionization has achieved significant status and recognition in the country (â€Å"Eurofound†). The French government has provided full legislative and legal support to its workforce in the form of strict and enforceable laws. Essential elements of French employment relations structure are: Employment is provided on written contract based agreements and minimal wages are authorized. Employment is also guaranteed and no worker can be thrown out of a job without sound reasons. Employees are also guaranteed sick and paid leaves with maternity leaves for women in addition. France is faced with many serious problems and challenges with respect to its employment relations structure due to some inherent shortcomings and governance loopholes which are discussed as below (Jenkins 17): There is no provision of either insurance or hygienic working conditions. In addition to this, women do not get proper representation in the workplace as they should get. The communication gap between management and union with respect to recruitment policy and other information details is a common problem. Collective bargaining is a well known and established tool of dispute and grievance handling which is not implemented in its entirety in France. People are either not aware of their roles or possess little knowledge of the legislative remedies available to them. Employees feel fearful of losing their job and so do not raise their voice and similarly, managers are hesitant in delegating decision making authority to others to avoid any hassles. This has resulted in many stark conflicts and battles between union and management in bigger firms.